Revolutionan aggressive modernization program that upended the. The kurdish leaders were disappointed that the revolution had not brought them the local autonomy they had long desired. January 1979 saw the ussupported shah forced to leave the country after widespread demonstrations and strikes. There was a revolution in iran in 1979 because the people of iran had become disenchanted with the rule of the shah. Ayatollah khomeini returns to iran january 17 1979. Ironically, 30 years ago iran was one of americas staunchest middle east allies, until a revolution in january 1979 toppled iran s prowestern monarchy and brought to power an antiamerican shiite muslim cleric, ayatollah ruhollah khomeini. Following the success of the revolution, the islamists instituted a theocratic dictatorship and wiped out the workers movement and the left. Iran s revolution has passed through at least five phases. Nov 25, 2019 from october of 1977 to february of 1979, the people of iran called for the end of the monarchy but they didnt necessarily agree on what should replace it. Primary sources iranian revolution libguides at omaha. The iranian revolution a history and analysis of the revolution in which socialists aligned themselves with islamists to overthrow the westbacked shah. The iranian revolution was a conflict from roughly 1977 to 1979 that saw the prowestern shah pahlavi overthrown by a coalition of religious clerics, students, communists, and everyday citizens. Outside iran, the major marja altaqlid, several important ayatollahs have voiced reservations about it in particular the late ayatollah khui. Scattered fighting began in march 1979 between government and kurdish forces and continued after a brief ceasefire.
Islamic revolution simple english wikipedia, the free. The karbala paradigm much of the power and intensity of the 1979 revolution came from the willingness of ordinary people to go out onto the streets and court death by confronting armed troops. People may grow dissatisfied with sharp social contrasts, inequality, segregation, discrimination, and other blatant violations of their rights. Ironically, 30 years ago iran was one of americas staunchest middle east allies, until a revolution in january 1979 toppled irans prowestern monarchy and brought to power an antiamerican shiite muslim cleric, ayatollah ruhollah khomeini. The kurdish uprising proved more deeprooted, serious, and durable. The iranian revolution put an end to the rule of the shah mohammed reza pahlevi, who had alienated powerful religious and political forces with a programme of modernisation and westernisation january 1979 saw the ussupported shah forced to leave the country after widespread demonstrations and strikes.
The iranian revolution was the islamic revolution that replaced the secular monarchy of shah mohammad reza pahlavi with a theocracy led by ayatollah ruhollah khomeini its causes continue to be the subject of historical debate and are believed to have stemmed partly from a conservative backlash opposing the westernization, modernization and secularization efforts of the westernbacked shah. This marks the end of irans move towards a westernization development and. It turns out, iran has a pretty long history of unrest in order to put power in the hands of the people, and the most recent revolution in 1979 was, at least at first, not necessarily about. Iranian revolution 19781979 timeline timetoast timelines. The iranian revolution of 1979 is the revolt rationalized by a wide range of motives from corruption to excessive westernization adopted by shah mohammad pahlavi.
Background to the revolution shah reza pahlevi, returning to iran after a weeklong exile due to the failled mohamed mossadegh coup detat. He does this at a last grab for support, as there is a very slim number of people in the country that still think the shah should be the leader of iran. Civil resistance is a political action that relies on the use of nonviolent methods by civil groups to challenge a particular power, force, policy or regime. Timeline of irans foreign relations the iran primer.
A chronology of key events in irans history, from the first persian empire to the. Ayatollah khomeini declared an islamic republic on 1 april 1979 stating it to be the first day of the government of god. Irans first female judge in 1975 but was forced to resign after 1979 revolution. This concise but informative history chronicles how the iranian revolution of 1979 transformed iran from a monarchy to a fundamentalist islamic republic. Less than a year later, 66 americans were taken hostage at the u.
The pahlevi dynasty, which was the ruling family of iran before the revolution, is in favor of the general westernization of the country, which would take away from islamic ideals. The iranian revolution described the end of shah pahlavis rule and the last shah empire and the beginning of the islamic republic under the control and rule of ayatollah ruhollah khomeini, the leader of the revolution. Mar 30, 1979 to mar 31, 1979 referendum on the 30th and 31st of march, the people of iran voted on whether iran should become an islamic republic, with 98. Khomeini continues his denunciation of the shahs programs, issuing a manifesto that also. Khomeinis speech to better understand the iranian revolution. Ayatollah khomeini gave this speech at the end of the iranian revolution in 1979. The shah, despite his earlier actions, says that he understands the revolution, and is even in favor of it.
Two of those books were from the azari poet samad behrangi. Causes of irans revolution by nicolle beiglarbeigi on prezi. Millions celebrate as ayatollah khomeini returns from exile. Iranian revolution, also called islamic revolution, persian enqelabe eslami, popular uprising in iran in 197879 that resulted in the toppling of the monarchy on february 11, 1979, and led to the establishment of an islamic republic.
The 400 served primarily as a game console, while the 800 was more of a home computer. Decades later, the details of this watershed eventwhich redrew the geopolitical order in many. The islamic revolution occurred in 1979, in the muslim majority country of iran. Between 1978 and 1979, the pahlavi dynasty was overthrown and replaced by a new islamic republic of iran. Celebrating its 35th anniversary, iran s islamic revolution shocked the world and redrew the map of global alliances. You need to be able to give examples of each of these in order to explain why there was a revolution in iran in 1979. Mar 06, 2018 what caused the iranian revolution in 1979.
Beginning in 1978, largescale antigovernment demonstrations challenged. Reza shah, the elder pahlavi, came to power during the 1920s after promoting the idea of 2,500 years of persian monarchy mohammadi 38. Presented here is a study of the emergence of horizontal divisions, or socioeconomic classes, in a country with strong vertical divisions based on. Causes of irans revolution coming of the revolution protests about govt criticism of the ayatollah khomeini led to. The iranian revolution put an end to the rule of the shah mohammed reza pahlevi, who had alienated powerful religious and political forces with a programme of modernisation and westernisation. Through the lens of our nightly news and today journalists, we see how the countrys politics were completely transformed in less than a year. The regime ended the shahanshah era calendar, closed gambling houses, and released numerous political prisoners the shah and his family left the country for an. Gabriel, class analysis of the iranian revolution of 1979, are useful. Legacy of a revolution what is the legacy of irans islamic revolution and how does it affect iranian society more than three decades later. The two of us discussed our ongoing efforts to reach an agreement over iran s nuclear program, obama said at a white house briefing. The iranian revolutiona timeline of events brookings institution. This article doesnt include the reasons of the events and further information is available in islamic revolution of iran. Since the 1979 revolution united states institute of.
Two million iranians left iran when the new islamic government was announced. This article is a timeline of events relevant to the islamic revolution in iran. The two of us discussed our ongoing efforts to reach an agreement over. The iranian revolution 1977 1979 download pdf version by stephen zunes april 2009. Causes of iran s revolution coming of the revolution protests about govt criticism of the ayatollah khomeini led to. Emphasizing the interaction between political organizations and social forces, ervand abrahamian discusses iranian society and politics during the period between the constitutional revolution of 19051909 and the islamic revolution of 19771979. Aug 17, 2009 remembering iran s 1979 islamic revolution as part of a series of conversations marking 1979 as a seminal year in the muslim world, steve inskeep talks to iranianborn journalist kasra naji about. Iranian revolution, popular uprising in 197879 that resulted in the fall. The unpreparedness of the ruling elite and its foreign patrons along with repressions sealed the fate of the iranian leader signifying the historic shift of power and foreign vector. Iranian revolution 19791988 timeline timetoast timelines. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
Remembering irans 1979 islamic revolution as part of a series of conversations marking 1979 as a seminal year in the muslim world, steve inskeep talks. Why was ayatollah khomeini able to lead a successful islamic revolution in iran in 1979. The small book fewer than 150 pages was smuggled into iran and widely distributed to khomeini supporters before the revolution. Both faced strong competition from the apple ii, commodore pet, and trs80 computers. The revolution was mostly nonviolent, although there were incidents of armed struggle. Ruhollah khomeini ruhollah khomeini centre greeting supporters after returning to tehran, february 1979. From october of 1977 to february of 1979, the people of iran called for the end of the monarchy but they didnt necessarily agree on what should replace it. Irans revolution has passed through at least five phases. Iran, proud and passionate, has been a conundrum since its 1979 revolution.
At the first signs of escalating unrest in early 1978, neither iranian nor u. Irans position was further complicated by iraqi leader saddam husseins quiet support from the united states, which was still quite furious over irans taking of u. Iran voted to become an islamic republic april 1979. In the iranian revolution of 1979, ayatollah sayyid ruhollah musavi khomeini ousted mohammad reza pahlavi, who succeeded his father as shah of iran in the early 1950s. The cia world factbook on iran andor the us department of state background notes on iran. Reza shah, the elder pahlavi, came to power during the 1920s after promoting the idea of. Covering islam took as its point of departure the iranian revolution, which by then had been fully counterrevolutionized by the forces of the ayatollah. Feb 26, 2015 it turns out, iran has a pretty long history of unrest in order to put power in the hands of the people, and the most recent revolution in 1979 was, at least at first, not necessarily about. He warns workingclass iranians not to be deceived by the corrupting prowestern ideas and values of the elites. Two artciles, one by moojan momen, the religious background of the 1979 revolution in iran, and another by satya j. Jews in iran since the revolution of 1979 9783640111824. Iran s islamic revolution shook the world in 1979, with currents that continue to be felt today. Khomeini becomes supreme leader of iran december 1979. For decades, a confluence of challengespolitical and cultural repression, menacing rhetoric, and defiance over its nuclear programcomplicated dealing with the islamic republic.
Jun 18, 20 through the lens of our nightly news and today journalists, we see how the countrys politics were completely transformed in less than a year from ayatollah khomeinis return from exile and the. The general public does not agree with this decision. On 1 february, ayatollah ruhollah khomeini returned to iran following 14 years of exile in. Did the 1979 islamic revolution of iran achieve its goal. Shortly after delivery of the atari vcs game console, atari designs two microcomputers with game capabilities. They felt that he was modernizing and westernizing their country to a degree. Reflections on the near and middle east the iranian working class came out on the battlefield, overthrew the shah and shook the capitalist world. Irans islamic revolution shook the world in 1979, with currents that continue. Brief background information explains the underpinnings of the revolution and basic facts about islam, including the differences between shiite and sunni sects. For earlier events refer to pahlavi dynasty and for later ones refer to history of the islamic republic of iran. This marks the end of iran s move towards a westernization development and back to the traditional iranian and islamic values. The iranian revolution of 197779 was the first in a series of mass popular civil insurrections which would result in the overthrow of authoritarian regimes in dozens of countries over the next three decades.
Iran s position was further complicated by iraqi leader saddam husseins quiet support from the united states, which was still quite furious over iran s taking of u. Islamist revolutionaries opposed the western secular policies of the authoritarian shah of iran mohammed reza pahlavi supporters of ayatollah khomeini organized protests in opposition to the authoritarian government of the shah. Background and causes of the iranian revolution wikipedia. The picture show the recent unrest in iran harkens back to the 1979 islamic revolution. My brother of 17yo was in shahs jail for having read three books. Iranian revolution by j m on prezi presentation software. The observer photographer david newell smith visited iran in 1979, when ayatollah khomeini returned to tehran from exile in paris, ending the shahs rule. The 1979 revolution toppled shah mohammad reza pahlavi, a secular monarch allied with the west, and led to the formation of an islamic.
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